{
  "dataset_version": "0.9",
  "dataset_date": "2026-08-12",
  "licence": {
    "metadata": "CC0 1.0 Universal (Public Domain Dedication)",
    "spdx": "CC0-1.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
    "note": "Descriptive metadata and the census are dedicated to the public domain. Reuse them for anything, including commercially, without asking and without attribution — though a citation helps other people find the source. Written prose on the site is CC BY 4.0. Comparator photographs belong to the institutions that made them and carry the terms stated on each comparator record."
  },
  "type": "provenance",
  "count": 6,
  "documented_events": 5,
  "gaps": 1,
  "gap_note": "Gaps are published at full weight rather than compressed out of the timeline. An unbroken-looking chain of ownership with the undocumented centuries removed is a fiction, and it is the specific fiction that provenance research exists to prevent.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "PV-001",
      "type": "creation",
      "is_gap": false,
      "date_start": "1638",
      "date_end": "1638",
      "sort_year": 1638,
      "date_display": "1638",
      "date_precision": "year",
      "title": "Rembrandt works the plate",
      "description": "Rembrandt etches the copper plate in Amsterdam. This event belongs to the work, not to this sheet: it is the origin of the image, and it is the only point on this timeline that is securely dated.",
      "actor_ids": [
        "AG-REMBRANDT"
      ],
      "place": "Amsterdam",
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [
        "EV-WORKING-RECORD"
      ],
      "confidence": "probable",
      "applies_to": "work_concept",
      "actors": [
        {
          "id": "AG-REMBRANDT",
          "name": "Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn",
          "type": "person",
          "role": [
            "artist",
            "printmaker",
            "painter"
          ],
          "dates": "1606–1669",
          "place": "Leiden and Amsterdam",
          "identifiers": [],
          "note": null
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "id": "EV-WORKING-RECORD",
          "tier": "user_submission",
          "kind": "document",
          "title": "Owner's working object record, assembled 2026",
          "author": "Owner / steward",
          "date": "2026-08",
          "url": null,
          "excerpt": null,
          "bibliography_id": null,
          "access": "public",
          "access_note": null,
          "rights": null,
          "added": "2026-08-12",
          "notes": "A compilation by the owner from acquisition paperwork and prior reading. It is the weakest tier in the hierarchy deliberately: it is a report of documents rather than the documents themselves. Every field derived from it is marked as such until checked against a primary source."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "PV-002",
      "type": "printing",
      "is_gap": false,
      "date_start": null,
      "date_end": null,
      "sort_year": 1640,
      "date_display": "Date unknown",
      "date_precision": "unknown",
      "title": "This impression is printed",
      "description": "At some point the plate was inked and this sheet was pulled from it. That moment may be contemporary with the plate, or it may be a century or more later. Nothing currently in the record fixes it. The paper is the evidence that would.",
      "actor_ids": [],
      "place": null,
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [],
      "confidence": "unknown",
      "applies_to": "this_impression",
      "actors": [],
      "evidence": []
    },
    {
      "id": "PV-003",
      "type": "gap",
      "is_gap": true,
      "date_start": "1638",
      "date_end": "2023",
      "sort_year": 1700,
      "date_display": "1638 – 2023",
      "date_precision": "range",
      "title": "No documented ownership",
      "description": "Approximately 385 years for which the project holds no evidence of where this sheet was or who held it. This is not a stylistic gap in the narrative; it is the actual state of knowledge. Filling any part of it — a collector's mark, a dealer's stock number, an entry in a nineteenth-century sale catalogue — would be a substantive contribution.",
      "actor_ids": [],
      "place": null,
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [],
      "confidence": "unknown",
      "applies_to": "this_impression",
      "actors": [],
      "evidence": []
    },
    {
      "id": "PV-004",
      "type": "sale",
      "is_gap": false,
      "date_start": "2023",
      "date_end": "2023",
      "sort_year": 2023,
      "date_display": "2023",
      "date_precision": "year",
      "title": "Sold at Bonhams, New York",
      "description": "The sheet is offered and sold at auction in New York. The purchase is documented by invoice. The sale title, date and lot number are held in that document and have not yet been transcribed into this record; the consignor is not known to the project.",
      "actor_ids": [
        "AG-BONHAMS"
      ],
      "place": "New York",
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [
        "EV-ACQ-INVOICE",
        "EV-ACQ-CATALOGUE"
      ],
      "confidence": "strongly_supported",
      "applies_to": "this_impression",
      "actors": [
        {
          "id": "AG-BONHAMS",
          "name": "Bonhams",
          "type": "auction_house",
          "role": [
            "auction house"
          ],
          "dates": "founded 1793",
          "place": "New York (sale location)",
          "identifiers": [],
          "note": "Seller of record in 2023. The project has no commercial relationship with the house."
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "id": "EV-ACQ-INVOICE",
          "tier": "primary_document",
          "kind": "document",
          "title": "Bonhams invoice and purchase documentation, New York, 2023",
          "author": "Bonhams",
          "date": "2023",
          "url": null,
          "excerpt": null,
          "bibliography_id": null,
          "access": "on_request",
          "access_note": "The invoice carries the buyer's name and delivery address. A copy redacted to show only the sale name, sale number, date and lot number can be supplied to a scholar or institution on request.",
          "rights": null,
          "added": "2026-08-12",
          "notes": "This is the strongest document the project currently holds about the sheet. It has not yet been transcribed into the record field by field; doing so is the first item on the editorial queue."
        },
        {
          "id": "EV-ACQ-CATALOGUE",
          "tier": "auction_catalogue",
          "kind": "catalogue_record",
          "title": "Auction catalogue entry for the lot as offered, Bonhams New York, 2023",
          "author": "Bonhams",
          "date": "2023",
          "url": null,
          "excerpt": null,
          "bibliography_id": null,
          "access": "on_request",
          "access_note": "The published lot page has not yet been located in the house's online archive. See research question RQ-08.",
          "rights": null,
          "added": "2026-08-12",
          "notes": "An auction catalogue is a working attribution by a cataloguer under time pressure, not a scholarly determination. It is recorded here as a source, and its statements are carried as claims at the confidence the source supports — no higher."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "PV-005",
      "type": "ownership",
      "is_gap": false,
      "date_start": "2023",
      "date_end": null,
      "sort_year": 2024,
      "date_display": "2023 – present",
      "date_precision": "year",
      "title": "Private collection, Dubai",
      "description": "Held in a private collection in Dubai. The sheet has not been exhibited, lent, published or examined by a conservator during this period. It has not been displayed, so its cumulative light exposure in these years is nil.",
      "actor_ids": [
        "AG-OWNER"
      ],
      "place": "Dubai, United Arab Emirates",
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [
        "EV-ACQ-INVOICE"
      ],
      "confidence": "confirmed",
      "applies_to": "this_impression",
      "actors": [
        {
          "id": "AG-OWNER",
          "name": "Private owner and steward",
          "type": "person",
          "role": [
            "owner",
            "steward"
          ],
          "dates": null,
          "place": "Dubai, United Arab Emirates",
          "identifiers": [],
          "note": "Named at the owner's discretion in correspondence with institutions. Not named on the public record by policy; see the privacy and security policy."
        }
      ],
      "evidence": [
        {
          "id": "EV-ACQ-INVOICE",
          "tier": "primary_document",
          "kind": "document",
          "title": "Bonhams invoice and purchase documentation, New York, 2023",
          "author": "Bonhams",
          "date": "2023",
          "url": null,
          "excerpt": null,
          "bibliography_id": null,
          "access": "on_request",
          "access_note": "The invoice carries the buyer's name and delivery address. A copy redacted to show only the sale name, sale number, date and lot number can be supplied to a scholar or institution on request.",
          "rights": null,
          "added": "2026-08-12",
          "notes": "This is the strongest document the project currently holds about the sheet. It has not yet been transcribed into the record field by field; doing so is the first item on the editorial queue."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "PV-006",
      "type": "publication",
      "is_gap": false,
      "date_start": "2026-08-12",
      "date_end": null,
      "sort_year": 2026,
      "date_display": "12 August 2026",
      "date_precision": "exact",
      "title": "Open research record published",
      "description": "The object receives the identifier NP-RMB-001 and a public record. Publication itself becomes part of the provenance: from this date the sheet has a citable, versioned scholarly history that travels with it.",
      "actor_ids": [
        "AG-PROJECT"
      ],
      "place": null,
      "price": null,
      "evidence_ids": [],
      "confidence": "confirmed",
      "applies_to": "this_impression",
      "actors": [
        {
          "id": "AG-PROJECT",
          "name": "The Rembrandt Open Impression Project",
          "type": "institution",
          "role": [
            "publisher",
            "steward"
          ],
          "dates": "2026–",
          "place": "Dubai, United Arab Emirates",
          "identifiers": [],
          "note": "The publishing entity for this record. It is not a museum and does not describe itself as one."
        }
      ],
      "evidence": []
    }
  ]
}